On December 2, 2025, the European Court of Justice issued its ruling in Stichting v Apple,[1]clarifying that any competent national court in the Member State whose app store was used for the purchase of products can hear collective actions[2] on behalf of users of digital platforms for damages caused by anticompetitive conduct, without the need to individualize alleged victims or determine the exact location of their alleged harm.
Several European competition authorities – including in France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden – can conduct general or sectoral market investigations. By closely reviewing sectors that are not perceived to be functioning well, authorities seek to understand market conditions and evaluate whether anticompetitive practices may be contributing to the perceived issues. Some authorities, such as the Austrian, Belgian, and Dutch, authorities, can merely make recommendations at the end of the investigation. Others, including in Denmark, Germany, and Italy, have the power to subsequently impose conditions to resolve the identified market failures despite the absence of competition infringements.
On July 3, 2024, the Commission conditionally approved Deutsche Lufthansa AG’s (“Lufthansa”) and the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance’s (“MEF”) joint control of ITA Airways (“ITA”). [1] The approval is contingent upon full compliance with the commitments.
On November 8, 2023, the Japan Fair Trade Commission (“JFTC”) held the G7 Joint Competition Enforcers and Policy Makers Summit (the “Summit”) in Tokyo. The focus of the Summit was for the G7 competition authorities and policymakers (the “Authorities”) to discuss effective approaches to enforcing and promoting competition in digital markets. At the Summit, the Authorities adopted the “Digital Competition Communiqué”[1] (the “Communiqué”) and updated the “Compendium of approaches to improving competition in digital markets”[2] (the “Compendium”).